Courtesy Hubble Space Telescope Science Institute

Sometimes images of distant objects in the universe look like out-of-focus paint daubs on black paper. Not terribly interesting visually, but if you know what you’re gazing at, those blobs in space tell a fascinating tale of life in the cosmos less than a billion years after the Big Bang. They may look like shards of light and color, but these objects are now identified as some of the earliest star-forming galaxies in the cosmos.
Now astronomers are debating whether the hottest stars in these early galaxies may have provided enough radiation to “lift a curtain” of cold, primordial hydrogen that cooled after the Big Bang, ushering in the epoch of reionization, a time when the universe became transparent to light. Understanding the role these galaxies played in the EOR is a problem that has perplexed astronomers over the past decade.

The epoch of reionization is thought to have ended 0.5 to one billion years after the Big Bang. Astronomers have been looking for its signature in everything from radio astronomy signals to infrared emissions. The major difficulty in understanding exactly what the story is out there at the end of the first act of galaxy formation. Because the galaxies are so far away, they are very faint and extremely difficult to find. Now Hubble, and very likely other infrared-enabled observatories, along with a scattering of radio telescopes, are pushing the envelope of discover out at dawn of creation.

One set of products I work on is planetarium shows. Since we produce and distribute “content” (as it’s now called in the biz), we are pretty well-versed in all the things that need to be done to get a show out there to the public. It’s not unlike movie-making, in a way—except that our budgets are nowhere near what a typical film budget can be. But, from scripting to visual production to soundtrack to final product, many of the processes are the same.

We start out with a script, or at least an idea for a script. Then I go to work researching the science and writing the first draft. Then we read it out loud to each other and I go back and hone the narrative into speakable words. Sometimes that process can take a few months.

After I’ve got it in a form I’m happy with, I send it out to the “usual gang of suspects”—a group of scientists and planetarium colleagues who read the script and tell me what’s wrong with it (hopefully nothing will be wrong). Their criticism ranges from updating me on current science results to telling me what combinations of words in the narration will or won’t work with specific audiences. This sort of editorial oversight is essential. NO writer can function without good editors and a robust editorial process. It’s always a learning experience for me.

At some point we figure out what visuals we need for the program. For years, those visuals were only slides. Then we started adding video clips. Now we are double-producing our shows for slide-based facilities AND the new fulldome video theaters where the principal material is a digital video file (like MPEG).

Also somewhere along the line, we have to get a narrator lined up, a studio, and a time when we can all get together to record the narration. If we use a celebrity, our schedule is pretty much determined by the person’s availability outside of film or TV work. For example, when we recorded Patrick Stewart for the MarsQuest show we worked around his vacation which was followed by pre-production for a TV movie he was doing. We flew to Los Angeles, met him at the studio, and spent the morning recording the show.

Once that part is done, then we have to produce music to go with the narration, and then put the whole soundtrack together. Then and only then can we mate the visual material in the timeline to make a finished show. The whole process takes months and so many variables affect the schedule that we are never quite sure when a show is officially “done”—in fact, we continue to make little improvements up to the day we start shipping show packages out to clients.

It’s an interesting profession and it’s great fun to be paid to do something we like as much as we do producing shows!

Where I've been

Doing science writing, and being an astronomer, and working with planetarium facilities does have its upside when it comes to traveling: you get to travel around a lot! I ran across this site that allows you to create your own visited country map by clicking through on a form. This is my own travel map, showing where I’ve been (in red). Clearly I have a lot more places to visit!

Much of my travel in North America has been to planetarium and astronomy conferences, and also to amateur star parties (as a guest speaker). The European visits are a mix of vacation and professional meeting trips. I’d like to get to the other half of the world sometime!

A note about southern hemisphere travel: one of the coolest things you’ll ever see from below the equator is the night sky. It is simply stunning, as we found out during our trips to South America. The view just boggles the mind! For some great views of the southern hemisphere sky, visit MrEclipse.com and prepare to be amazed!

the Antennae galaxies

In an entry a long time ago I talked about what to do when the skies are clouded out from rain, snow, smog, light pollution, or whatever else it is that keeps you from stepping out for some stargazing. Reading books is always a cool thing. Right now I’m making my way through Alan Guth’s “The Inflationary Universe,” wherein he explains the birth of the universe. I got started on that because of a conversation I had with a friend a few weeks back about the incredible occurrence of the creation of the cosmos and how science explains it. So, my current “rainy day” activity (and late nights, and Saturday afternoons) is all Steve’s fault. (Steve, you know who you are.)

But, if you aren’t in the mood for a good book, there’s always Web surfing. As usual, there are a great many really cool Web sites that talk about astronomy and space science. I’ve talked about the The Astronomy Picture of the Day, and of course Phil Plait’s Bad Astronomy Web site with its attached forum discussion area. And of course, I have mentioned the Gemini Observatory web site, which is being revamped before ourvery eyes. These are in addition to the wonderful sites I’ve linked to over in the left column that take you to the European Southern Observatory and the Hubble Space Telescope Science Institute.

So, there’s no shortage of places to go. Just for grins, here are a couple of new ones for you to explore. The first is the Spitzer Space Telescope. Here’s a little taste to whet your appetite for this new observatory’s work.

The other web page is a subset of the Haystack Observatory educational tutorial website, which contains a lovely radio astronomy “short course” you can browse through to learn a little about the fascinating science being done with the world’s radio dishes and networks. Next time you’re stuck indoors, give it a whirl!

The past few months I’ve been working with the Gemini Observatory, doing a series of interesting and absorbing projects for their outreach team. These range from science reports and newsletters to press release edits and consultations. A couple of weeks ago they sent me this great image of members of Stephan’s Quintet, a troupe of five galaxies that lies about 300 million light-years away. What we see here tells an interesting tale of galactic intrigue.

Courtesy Gemini Observatory

Some members of the group are interacting with each other, tearing huge swaths of gas and stars away from each other in a sort of cosmic dance. One thing that really stands out in this image is a collection of brilliant red clumps in the spiral galaxy NGC 7320 (just above the center of the image). These are star-forming regions as seen with the help of a special filter.

This galaxy may or may not be part of the Quintet—its relation to the other galaxies in the cluster is the subject of some controversy. Most astronomers now think that NGC 7320 is quite some distance away from the others. Spectroscopic data show its apparent velocity away from us at around 800 kilometers per second. The rest of the group is moving away from us (through the expansion of the universe) at over 6,000 kilometers per second. This puts the the other galaxies in the cluster almost 8 times farther away from us than the brilliantly-lit spiral.

The interacting members of Stephan’s Quintet will continue their dance for millions of years, but eventually they will combine into a different, smaller set of objects than we see today.