Monthly Archives: June 2005

hypernova, star death, subaru observatory

A Hypernova Sponsor

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We go to a number of planetarium conferences every year, and like most folks who work in the planetarium business selling things to other colleagues, we get hit up for “donations” to help support the costs of conferences. Frequently we’re given a choice of ways to donate money, and they’re given cute names like “Nova” sponsors or “supernova” sponsors. Recently we’ve been seeing the term “Hypernova” for a sponsor who gives some huge amount of money (like around $5,000 or $10,000). I guess these are perceived as hierarchies, much as silver, gold, and platinum are used commonly to describe credit cards with higher and higher amounts.

It’s not quite the same kind of hierarchy as stellar explosions though. While a nova might be perceived as the “weakest” of the mighty outbursts that flow from stars, and a supernova is a strong one, with a hypernova being a really strong one, these terms really refer to distinctly different types of stellar explosions.

According to the National Radio Astronomy Observatory online dictionary of astronomy terms, a nova is a star that abruptly increases in brightness by a factor of a million. A nova is caused in a binary star system where hydrogen-rich material is transferred to the surface of a white dwarf until sufficient material and temperatures exist to kindle explosive nuclear fusion.

Skip down to supernova, and you get this: an extremely violent explosion of a star many times more massive than our Sun. During this explosion, the star may become as bright as all the other stars in a galaxy combined, and in which a great deal of matter is thrown off into space at high velocity and high energy. The remnant of these massive stars collapse into either a neutron star or a black hole.

There isn’t a definition for hypernova yet, because astronomers are still trying to figure out the precise conditions that would lead us to call a super-supernova explosion a “hypernova.”

Which brings me to a very cool announcement this week from a consortium of researchers in Europe, the U.S. and Japan, linking hypernovas to gamma-ray bursts. Here’s the scoop, as told by the National Observatory of Japan’s Subaru Telescope:

    An international research team, led by astronomers from the University of Tokyo, Hiroshima University, and the National Astronomical Observatory of Japan, used the Subaru telescope to obtain the spectrum of SN2003jd, a hypernova unaccompanied by a gamma-ray burst, and found the first evidence that it is a jet-like explosion viewed off-axis. Hypernovae are hyper-energetic Supernovae that are often associated with gamma-ray bursts. This result provides clear and firm evidence that all Hypernovae may be associated with gamma-ray bursts, but that gamma-ray bursts are observable only when jets produced by the hypernova explosion point towards Earth.

There’s more information at their web site, explaining the rationale behind the research.

All that being said, I find it amusing that a donor giving massive amounts of money is named after a stellar phenomenon that is so energetic, but yet is also can be so destructive and mysterious.

critical thinking, scientific method

Critical Thinking

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I spent much of yesterday on a flight from New York to Los Angeles. As usual, on a crowded flight, it’s impossible NOT to hear conversations when people are trying to yell over aircraft noise. Before I put on my noise-cancelling headphones and tried to catch a quick catnap, I heard the following from the seats behind me:

Person 1: “I was reading about this Intelligent Design stuff in the New Yorker. It seems like a pretty solid theory but they won’t let it be taught in the classrooms and that’s not right.”

Person 2: “It’s not science though.”

Person 1: “Why not?”

Person 2: “There’s no scientific evidence to back it up. I was reading this article in the paper. Even the people who are pushing it don’t agree on some of the things they want the public to know.”
The conversation went on for a while, morphing into a discussion of current politics in the United States. I put my headphones on and went to sleep. But the whole thing got me to thinking that perhaps what we really need in our science classrooms is more emphasis on critical thinking, of helping students (and maybe society in general) develop better B.S. detectors.

There’s a difference between theory and hypothesis, but to hear proponents of such ideas as Intelligent Design and Creationists tell it, the two words mean the same. This is because both camps have put forth hypotheses about the origin of everything in the universe. Fine. In science, when we have a hypothesis, we then devise tests that provide data to either prove or disprove the hypothesis. Now let’s do some tests to prove or disprove those hypotheses. Otherwise, conflating “hypothesis” with “theory” is NOT critical thinking, nor is it intellectually honest.

Some food for thought:

Here’s the Dictionary.com definition for “hypothesis.”

Here’s the Dictionary.com definition for “theory.”

Of the two, the word “hypothesis” fits the ideas that the IDers and Creationists want to teach. But they are NOT theories, specifically because there is no data to support the central tenet of each set of hypotheses: i.e., that there’s some creator out there flinging universes together on some timeline known only to itself.

I’m of two minds about whether this stuff should be taught in schools. Perhaps it should. But I don’t think it has a place in the science classroom for two reasons: there’s not enough time to teach honest, true science, let alone wasting time on hypotheses that have more to do with religion and culture; and two, we don’t teach science in comparative religion and other such classes.

On the other hand, a good, honest, dispassionate application of the scientific method to these hypotheses is exactly what science does best. So, therein lies the central dilemma.

No matter where this stuff is taught, it should all be subjected to the same rigid tests that true science and critical thought require. To do otherwise is to admit intellectual laziness. And such an admission in the name of a religion or belief system does little FOR such beliefs and systems, other than to set their adherents up as less than intellectually honest in their intentions, something that I (brought up in a religious family I was) was taught would be a waste of the intelligence and reasoning faculties we were born with.