Monthly Archives: May 2011

astronomy, astronomy news, Infrared astronomy

Stellar News Briefs

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Astronomy Marches On

I’ve been offline the past few days due to a nasty cold (that turned into bronchitis) that I caught while in Florida to catch what turned out to be the “scrub” of the April 29th launch of space shuttle Endeavour. The trip wasn’t a total loss: we got some great images of Endeavour on the pad (see my previous entry about that), and we did our once-every-ten-years-or-so visit to Disney World so we could act like kids again and put on our Mouseketeer hats.

I’m finally up and able to write coherently again, and boy has the news piled on!  So, here’s a look at three of the latest stories with some commentary.

It’s Official: Io is Really, Really Volcanic!

This graphic shows the internal structure of Jupiter's moon Io as revealed by data from NASA's Galileo spacecraft. The low-density crust about 30 to 50 kilometers (20 to 30 miles) thick is shown in gray in the cross-section. Image credit: NASA/JPL/University of Michigan/UCLA

Of course, we’ve all known for years that the little moon Io, which orbits Jupiter, is a volcanic world. But, just HOW volcanic has been confirmed by further analysis of Galileo data. The spacecraft-made measurements show that Io has a subsurface ocean of molten (or partly molten) lava called magma just beneath the surface.  Galileo’s data is the first direct proof that this kind of magma layer exists under the sulfurous rocky crust of this tiny moon.

That subsurface magma sends out about a hundred times MORE lava than all of Earth’s volcanoes combined. Io’s volcanic calderas and vents are scattered across its surface, and their action is enough to completely re-pave this world with lava layers.

The Crab in Motion

The Crab Nebula as seen by Chandra X-ray Observatory. Courtesy NASA/Chandra X-ray Observatory.

One of my favorite supernova remnants is also one of the Chandra X-ray Observatory’s more frequent observing targets.  The folks at Chandra are tracking emissions from the central region of this object, which contains an active pulsar. This week they’ve released a cool little movie that shows changes in the Crab from September 2010 to April 2011.  As you watch the video, you can see some pretty impressive variations in emissions in the structure around the jet at the bottom. You should be able to make out the expansion of a ring of x-ray emission around the pulsar (white dot near center) and changes in the knots within this ring.

However, as the Chandra folks point out on in their release, the arguably the most striking result of these observations is the variations that were not observed, or in analogy with a famous Sherlock Holmes story1, this could be a case where the fact that the dog that did not bark helps to solve a mystery.

The pulsar at the center of the Crab Nebula is a neutron star that spins around about 30 times a second. It was created from a supernova explosion in our galaxy that was observed by astronomers in China and other countries in the year 1054.

As the young pulsar slows down, large amounts of energy are injected into its surroundings. In particular, a high-speed wind of matter and anti-matter particles plows into the surrounding nebula, creating a shock wave that forms the expanding ring seen in the movie. Jets from the poles of the pulsar spew x-ray emitting matter and antimatter particles in a direction perpendicular to the ring. The goal for Chandra’s observations is to pinpoint the location of gamma-ray flares observed by the Fermi spacecraft and Italy’s AGILE satellite. For more information, surf over here.

Star Formation Writ Large in Dwarf Galaxy

Hubble’s newest camera has taken an image of galaxy NGC 4214. This galaxy glows brightly with young stars and gas clouds, and is an ideal laboratory to research star formation and evolution. Courtesy NASA/ESA/STScI.

I’ll close with a gorgeous Hubble Space Telescope look at a star-birth nursery in the dwarf galaxy NGC 4214.  Check this out in “large” mode — it’s beautiful!

This stunner of an image was released earlier today, and is a good look at a starbirth region in a tiny galaxy that, nonetheless, is  packed with everything an astronomer could ask for, from hot, young star-forming regions to old clusters with red supergiants.

What you’re seeing in this image taken in both optical and infrared light by HST’s Wide Field Camera 3, are clouds of glowing ionized hydrogen gas, and in their central regions are cavities blown clear of gas by stellar wind. Nearby are bright star clusters

The huge heart-shaped cavity — possibly the galaxy’s most eye-catching feature — is not just a hole in the clouds. It also contains a large cluster of massive, young stars. They’re hot, too — ranging in temperature from 10,000 to 50 000 degrees Celsius. They blowing out extremely strong stellar winds that are blowing the “bubble” of the cavern free of material. In the process, they’re also closing off any chance for more stars to develop — there’s no more starbirth material left.

Want to know more about this region of space? Check out the full press release and more imagery at www.spacetelescope.org.

endeavour, launches, media, NASA, sky & telescope magazine

Out to Launch

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and Back Again

Endeavour with her support structure rolled away, April 26, 2011. Image copyright Carolyn Collins Petersen.

Well, we went down to Florida to film the launch of space shuttle Endeavour (Mission STS-134) a week ago, but as everybody who follows the space program knows, the launch got scrubbed a few hours before scheduled blast-off due to a failed component deep inside the orbiter. (You can read more about that here.)

Mark and I are accredited press (covering for Sky & Telescope.com) and were also going to film the launch in fulldome video.  We still plan to return and cover the launch festivities, as soon as NASA announces the date for the next try.In fact, S&T ran a pre-launch story I wrote, and I have a couple of other stories just waiting to be finished and uploaded after launch (or whenever it goes).

It wasn’t our first launch visit; that was in 1983, followed by a spectacular launch visit in 1993. We are pretty excited about seeing this one, since it was the shuttle that took up the first Hubble Space Telescope servicing crew, and that’s the second launch I saw. At the time, I was working on an HST instrument team, so it was a pretty personal experience, knowing that the crew was going to be working to make things right so we could do our science. Now, not quite 18 years later, I get to see these things as a science writer and documentary producer, but I still get as excited as I always have about seeing a launch.

One of the coolest experiences we had during the run-up to the scrubbed launch day a week or so back was the opportunity to go out to the pad and watch as the support structure rolled away to reveal Endeavour sitting there like a moth on her external tank. The press folks at the Kennedy Space Center arranged for a press visit and so we found ourselves standing there, a few hundred yards from the orbiter in the dark of night, watching as the structure slowly rolled away. It was — and I say this channeling my inner space geek — one of the most awesome sights!

We didn’t even mind the mosquitos and muggy air; the sight of the orbiter was just stunning. And, I was very aware that this was an experience that not everyone gets to have — the opportunity to be that close to an orbiter the day before it thunders up into the sky on the backs of its rockets and fuel tanks.  Geek that I am, I just drank in the site and didn’t want to leave.

While we were waiting for the servicing structure to roll back, I got into an interesting conversation with a woman and her husband who had come out as part of the NASA launch Tweetup group. They’d been invited along on the press tour to the launch pad. Her name was Clare and her husband was Sean. He looked familiar — at first I thought he was a science writer I’d met at a meeting earlier this year.  We chatted about writing for Twitter and Facebook, and since it was something of a long wait, Seth went around taking pictures before the retraction started. Mark was nearby, with our allsky camera ready to start shooting when the retraction started.

Clare and I ended up talking about space launches, Griffith Observatory (they live in LA), and a lot of other topics of mutual interest to people who are standing around waiting for something cool to happen that they know is a rare experience and worth waiting for. Turns out Clare and her husband are fairly well-known actors: Clare Grant and Seth Green, and apparently, very much into the space program — as Mark and I are.  I enjoyed the conversation we had very much and it was fun to get to know some new people who shared the same passion with us.

Conversations like that, shared with people from other walks of life, really remind me just how much the exploration of space really touches people.  The Kennedy Space Center was swarming, not just with press folk, but also the Tweeters — who were also from everywhere and of all ages. They got special tours and chances to see things that many of us who have covered space launches for years have seen before — but are new to them.  I felt bad for them when the launch was scrubbed because it’s not clear that they will get to come back for the next attempt. I hope they can, because a launch is an amazing experience.

I plan to go back, and I hope that all the others who made the trip can come back, too.  While NASA isn’t shutting down space exploration, these last two launches are special to all of us who see space exploration as an important thing.  The launches mark the end of one era, and hopefully, the beginning of a new one in humanity’s steps out to the stars.