One of the last images taken by the Rosetta orbiter on its way to the surface of Comet 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko. Courtesy ESA.
On September 29th, 2016, ESA’s Rosetta orbiter made a guided “soft” crash landing onto the nucleus of Comet 67P. It’s now forever a part of the comet. It will be until the nucleus breaks up sometime in the future as it rounds the Sun. By all accounts (and you can read detailed reports on the mission at the Rosetta site), the mission was a rousing success. It was the first one to do a long-term orbit of a comet and send back stunning high-res images of the nucleus. That alone cemented its place in history for me. Back in grad school I studied comets and always wondered what it would be like to land on a nucleus. With Rosetta, that wonder was satisfied.
Exploring Small Worlds
Rosetta isn’t the first and won’t be the last to study such fascinating world. I feel pretty confident that there will be more probes to asteroids and comets. These objects are the building blocks of the solar system. These families of small bodies were the first to clump together to form the planets. That means they hold the key to understanding what materials and conditions were like as the solar system formed some 4.6 billion years ago. They may even hold clues to primordial materials that existed even before the Sun and planets began their birth process. For those reasons and many others, I hope we do continue to study these worldlets.
What’s Next For the Rosetta Mission?
The scientists on the Rosetta mission literally have many years worth of study ahead of them. The spacecraft sent back tantalizing data about the ices and dust in the comet, its lack of magnetic field, and other characteristics. I imagine that many post-docs and PhD students will contribute their brainpower to understanding the data and communicating what they find to the rest of us. So, far from being over, the Rosetta spacecraft’s greatest legacy is just beginning: analyzing and comprehending what the spacecraft “saw” for the rest of us.
This four-image montage shows the spectacular region of activity at the ‘neck’ of 67P/C-G. This is the product of ices sublimating and gases escaping from inside the comet, carrying streams of dust out into space. ESA/Rosetta/NAVCAM
I’ve been a comet fan since my grad school days. That was when I got pointed at Comet Halley and told, “study these images, and let’s figure out what’s happening with the plasma tail”. So, I pored over images of the comet taken from 1985-1986. I made lots of measurements and worked on papers with my team members. Eventually, we figured out what was happening with the plasma tail (hint: it’s affected by the solar wind). It was a pretty exciting time in my life, standing at the “frontier” of comet science (at that time) and opening my mind to the idea that what happens in the solar wind can make intricate “designs” in the shape and behavior of a plasma tail.
During that whole time, I was also intrigued by what a comet REALLY looks like. We didn’t have any close-up pictures of a comet nucleus. Sure, we had the Fred Whipple model of a chunky block of dusty ice (or icy dust, if you prefer) to study. And, there WERE some Giotto spacecraft images of the Halley nucleus. But they had to suffice until we could get REAL close-ups. What was needed was a long-term study of a nucleus. That’s what the Rosetta mission has done at the nucleus of Comet 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko.
Rosetta Orbits a Piece of Solar System History
For the better part of two years, the Rosetta spacecraft has visited the comet. It studied the chemical composition, sent back images, and gave astronomers the longest “timelapse” look at a comet ever. Along with its Philae lander, which functioned for only a short time, Rosetta is a great achievement. It’s something the European Space Agency and scientists around the world can be very proud to have sent. They’ve orbited a major piece of solar system history. They opened a window into the distant past when comets formed from materials that existed before the Sun and planets did. Studying a comet is like opening a treasure box.
In a few weeks, the mission will send its final images and data, and on September 30, 2016, the orbiter will do a slow crash landing on the surface of the comet. Its last messages should contain some very high-resolution images and data. You can follow the Rosetta mission at the ESA Website for the mission and track the spacecraft’s final days and weeks.
Rosetta: the Executive Summary
It’s been an amazing couple of years. Sure, we see what the comet’s surface looks like with its icy plains, boulders, and rocky inclusions. However, Rosetta’s chemical analysis on the comet’s ices and dust reveal information about the comet’s origins in the early epochs of the solar system’s formation. It also shows that the comet contains ingredients crucial to the formation of life. Mind you, Rosetta didn’t find life. However, uncovering the ingredients of life tells an important story. What did it find? Rosetta detected the amino acid glycine as well as the element phosphorus in the comet’s ices. These are key elements in our DNA and cell structures.
Comets as a Source of Water?
Another question astronomers wanted to answer was “Did Earth’s water come from comets?” Rosetta showed that the comet’s water chemistry is slightly different from Earth’s water. That means that ocean water on our planet didn’t all come from comets like 67P. Understanding where Earth’s water came from is still a big question in planetary science, and now astronomers are looking at other comets and asteroids for keys to the mystery.
I’m looking forward to the last images and data from Rosetta. I’m sure many comet fans, scientists, and graduate students are, too. There’s enough work in the treasury of information the spacecraft sent back to keep whole teams busy for years. In the end, even though Rosetta will no longer be working, its work WILL live on. That’s a major legacy for any mission!
