Category Archives: volcanoes

I’m Back

What a Long, Fun Journey It’s Been

We went out to do some all-sky photography this summer and along the way had a great tour of the northwestern quadrant of the U.S. Throughout most of July,  we checked out such wonderful sights as Devil’s Tower National Monument in Wyoming.

This is probably one of the most iconic igneous intrusions in the world because it was the star of the movie “Close Encounters of the Third Kind.”

Unlike in the movie, however, it’s not fenced off by evil government bad guys trying to hide UFOs and LGMs from an unsuspecting populace. You can drive up to it, hike pretty much all around it, and once you see it, you’ll realize that the scale of it is incredibly amazing.  Basically, however, there’s NO way that a UFO as big as the one in the movie could have landed, and I’m guessing just from hiking around it, that there’s no way you could fit a runway up top. But, hey, why let scientific accuracy get in the way of trying to tell a good story, eh?

The monument itself is way cooler in “person” than any movie can make it out to be. What you see here is a tower of lava that once was underground. It erupted into sedimentary rock layers laid down hundreds of millions of years ago. Those layers eroded away (because sedimentary rock is easily eroded by rain and wind), leaving behind the much stronger and tougher igneous “throat” standing there.  I thought that perhaps this had once been the throat of a long-eroded volcano, but it turns out not be so. In any case, it’s an amazing place to visit and we spent half a day crawling around taking pictures and hiking the up to the base of the formation.

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As it turned out, it’s the second time in two years we’ve hiked around some fetching volcanic intrusions. In 2006 in Australia, we visited a similar kind of intrusive igneous formation called “Sawn Rocks” at Mt. Kaputar Monument in the Nandewar Range near Narrabri. In this case, the whole range was volcanic, and these rocks are what’s left of the columns of extruded igneous rock after erosion has taken away the overlying soil.

Volcanism rules!!

The Ongoing Effect of Star Formation

Lava glowing from the rocks at rock overhang near Kalapana, Big Island. (Copyright 2007, Carolyn Collins Petersen)
Lava glowing from the rocks at rock overhang near Kalapana, Big Island. (Copyright 2007, Carolyn Collins Petersen)

A week or so back, after the AAS meeting ended, we went to the Big Island of Hawai’i for some site visits to observatories (I had a few clients to meet with) and a chance to do a little hiking during our free time. The major hike was across a few miles of lava flows that have been successively laid down over the past decade or so from the Pu’u O’o vent on the flanks of Kiluaea volcano. I’ve done the lava study field trip a couple of times, and Mr. SpaceMusic and I have hiked older flows together, but he had never been “up close and personal” with a lava flow before. So, we contacted a colleague of mine from the old Sky & Telescope days, Stephen James O’Meara, who is a volcano expert (in addition to being a world-class amateur astronomer). He agreed to take a group of us out on the flows for a day. So, we prepped (lots of water, food, safe clothing, first-aid kit, did I mention water?) and met up with him for a lava jaunt.

It was amazing. There’s nothing that can prepare you for an encounter with fresh flowing lava, unless, by chance, you spend your life next to 1200-degree (F) ovens all day. Even then, you can step away from an oven. Lava, not so much.

In hiking across this flow we encountered many “breakouts” of lava, basically bubbling up and through rock that had been laid down perhaps a few hours up to a few days earlier. It was moving pretty slowly, so there was time to step out of the way, or even walk up to it and study its motion. As dangerous as it can be to encounter, lava is also a mesmerizing thing to watch. And, it is one of the few ways we can experience one of the main forces that shape our planet and have done so since Earth began to form around 4.5 billion years ago.

The lava flowing from this volcano is called basalt, and it comes from the melting of Earth’s mantle, deep beneath the crust on which we walk. It contains a number of minerals, all made up of elements that we can trace back to the elements that made up our planet during solar system formation. Where did those elements come from? Many came from the explosions of ancient supernovae (massive stars that die catastrophic deaths). So, in some sense, when we were looking at the lava that came flowing from Kilauea, we were looking at (as one our hiking companions said) the last gasp of the death of an ancient star. Taking it one step further, you could say that we were experiencing the latest episode in the formation of our own planet. Or, if you like, think of it as the ongoing effect of star formation, writ small on the surface of our own planet.

Want more info on the Kilauea volcano? Go here or here for lots of FAQ-type questions and answers about it.