We Choose to Do These Things Not Because They Are Easy

But Because They Are Hard

Explosion of the Falcon booster carrying supplies to the International Space Station. Courtesy NASA.
Explosion of the Falcon booster carrying supplies to the International Space Station. Courtesy NASA.

By now, most everybody has heard that the SpaceX tried to launch the Falcon 9 and Dragon cargo capsule on a resupply mission to the International Space Station and that the booster blew up just over 2 minutes into flight. The details are still coming in, and I’m sure we’ll be seeing more reports with information as soon as the launch crew can assemble and understand them.

I’m not going to supply much commentary about what actually happened; that’s what the launch experts will do. It’s certainly a sad day, particularly for the folks at SpaceX and NASA, but also for a group of students whose Cubesat experiment was on its second try (their first one was destroyed in last October’s Orbital Sciences Mission disaster). There were other experiments and pieces of equipment aboard, and those are now a total loss.

I’ve seen a lot of people commenting on social media now, making unfounded accusations, making statements that belie a lack of understanding of just how tough it is to launch things into space and how SpaceX and NASA and others handle the  news of these events. Belligerence doesn’t uncover facts. Patient, scientific investigation will tell us the story. For the folks who want to rant and rave, think about this: if it happened to YOU and your company, would you want people saying about YOU what YOU have said about this mishap today? Think a little before you post rantings, people.

Apparently, people also don’t read history too much. Everybody who has ever tried to launch something has faced failures. Most of the time, those failures resulted in the loss of the craft, but they also taught us something about the complexity of launch.  A few times, we’ve lost people in those failures, and those disasters taught us a deeper lesson about exploration and the human will to expand our horizons and how gawdawful it is when lives full of promise are lost in the attempt to do something big and important.

At least today, no one’s life was lost. The mission hardware is a loss, but the lessons learned will be used to pick ourselves up and try again. If you don’t believe me, do some reading about the early days of the American space program. Put yourself in the boots of the Russians, who have had their share of problems; or in the place of the Arianespace people, who also know the bitter taste of launch failure, but have gone on to more success. Everyone who launches faces failure, while hoping for success.

In short, as I say in the headline, and echoing the words of the late President John F. Kennedy, who spoke them while I was still a tiny child:  “We do these things… not because they are easy, but because they are hard.”  And, launching is hard. No matter how many times I’ve watched a launch (and I’ve seen a LOT of them), the knowledge that something can go wrong is never far from our minds. A lot of things go right, and when they do, we get amazing knowledge about ourselves, our planet, our solar system, our galaxy, and our universe. We didn’t lose the universe today and we didn’t lose ourselves. A launch vehicle failed. But, another one will take its place, and we’ll move on and upwards.

 

Peeking into Galaxy Clusters

Gravitationally Bound Galaxy Collections Have Much to Reveal

Galaxies at the heart of the Virgo Cluster. This formation is called Markarian’s Chain. Courtesy Samuel Oschin Telescope/CalTech.

Some years ago, I had the privilege of being the science writer for the Griffith Observatory exhibit project. Griffith, in case you don’t know, is located in the Hollywood Hills of Los Angeles, and is one of the best-known observatories and landmarks in the U.S. It was a rare honor, and in the years since then, I’ve found out how unusual it is for ONE person to be responsible for undertaking such a project. I didn’t know how rare it was. I was just thrilled to be on the project!

Standing by one part of the Big Picture exhibit at Griffith Observatory.

One of the exhibits that really caught my imagination (and offered me incredible writing challenges) was a giant wall containing an image taken by the Samuel Oschin telescope called The Big Picture. It features a look at the Virgo Cluster of galaxies, a collection of that lies some 53 million light-years away from us, and contains somewhere between 1,000 and 2,000 galaxies. If you visit Griffith, you can sit in front of the picture for as long as you like admiring the galaxies, quasars, stars, and other objects captured in an area of sky that you can cover with your finger, held out at arm’s length. It’s an incredible experience, and it was my great pleasure to study that image for many weeks as I wrote the descriptive text (and a video script) to go with it. In the end, it was all about what we can SEE in that image, and there’s a lot to study.

Checking Into the Coma Cluster

There are many galaxy clusters in the universe, and as astronomers get more sophisticated instruments and telescopes online, they’re digging into these galactic families to understand what makes them tick. And, it turns out that in at least one cluster (and probably many more), understanding them hinges not just on what we see, but what we don’t see.  Dark matter likely plays a huge role in what we detect going on in these galaxies and clusters. Take the Coma Cluster, for example. It is about 321 million light-years away from us and contains at least a thousand galaxies. Probably more, but many of them are very difficult to see. Why would that be?

Some of the more than 800 “dark galaxies” detected by Subaru Telescope in the Coma Cluster. Courtesy Subaru Telescope/NAOJ.

The Subaru Telescope, located on the Big Island of Hawai’i, has been studying this cluster. Recently astronomers took a look at all the archival data and found something rather interesting: it contains mysterious “dark” galaxies. More than 800 of these faint, diffuse galaxies exist, situated in the heart of a busy galactic city. Many are similar in size to our home galaxy, so imagine our immense Milky Way, but darker and dimmer. Yet, there are still stars in these galaxies. In fact, there are scads of old stellar systems, which is interesting since gravitational interactions between members of the cluster can really disrupt star systems. By all rights, those older systems should be flung around by tidal forces.

So, what’s protecting them? The best answer is: dark matter. In these galaxies, dark matter outnumbers the amount of visible matter by 99 to 1.

However, the protection of dark matter haloes isn’t the only thing going on here. Astronomers saw few “new” stars in these galaxies, which means that they lost the gas needed to form new generations of stars. This occurred fairly early in these galaxies’ lives, not long after they formed. So, the evolutionary story of these galaxies is a mystery needing further insight. And the detection of dark matter raises a LOT of questions.

Why is there so much dark matter in them? What role did it play early in the galaxies’ history? And, when did the galaxies lose the ability to form new stars? Does the dark matter than plays a role in protecting the older stellar populations have anything to do with mass loss in their home galaxies? Lots of questions, and the answers will come from additional observations of these distant galaxies.

I love looking at pictures of galaxy clusters. I’ve seen many images of the Coma Cluster, and of course, revelled in the study of the Virgo Cluster. Are all the things happening in those galaxies also happening in the many other clusters astronomers study? What’s the REALLY big picture? Stay tuned!