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Back to the Moon

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In Stereo

ARTEMIS P2 Enters Lunar Orbit

Well, this is kinda cool. NASA has taken two satellites that would have been shut down in 2010 and put them in orbit around the Moon to give us a continual up-close-and-personal view of the  lunar surface from about 60 miles away. The spacecraft, called the Aceleration, Reconnection, Turbulence, and Electrodynamics of the Moon’s Interaction with the Sun (ARTEMIS) probes, arrived at their lunar orbits on June 27th and July 17th, respectively. These twins were once in different areas of near-Earth space, part of a five-spacecraft system called THEMIS (Time History of Events and Macroscale Interactions during Substorms).  Along with three other probes, these two spacecraft  studied the solar wind, Earth’s outer magnetic field, and how the two interacted with each other.

Over a period of time, scientists maneuvered this pair of satellites from their original Lagrangian point orbits into places closer to the Moon. It’s a very neat re-use of space hardware that otherwise would have been shut down. The THEMIS mission itself is continuing — the other three THEMIS probes continue their original science mission, studying the substorms that are part of its names. These are atmospheric events visible  near Earth’s poles as sudden increases in the brightness of the aurorae. The findings from the mission may help protect commercial satellites and humans in space from the adverse effects of particle radiation.

So, what kind of science will the two diverted ARTEMIS babies do at the Moon?  Given that these spacecraft bear instruments that are sensitive to magnetic fields, they should be able to collect data about the very weak lunar magnetic fields that DO exist, provide information about the  lunar core (which does not appear to be generating a magnetic field), and information about any pockets of magnetism that might exist in the Moon’s crust (outer layer). Essentially, ARTEMIS will probe the Moon’s magnetic environment.  The data it gets will help scientists understand more about the interior structure of the Moon.  This is a very cost-effective way to do further lunar science, and it will be interesting to see what the next five to seven years of ARTEMIS efforts uncover.

astronomy news, hubble space telescope, NASA, planetary science

A Million Peeks at Space

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Hubble Makes a Milestone Science Observation

This is an artist's concept of the extrasolar planet HAT-P-7b. It is a "hot Jupiter" class planet orbiting a star that is much hotter than our Sun. Hubble Space Telescope's millionth science observation was trained on this planet to look for the presence of water vapor and to study the planet's atmospheric structure via spectroscopy. Planets with orbits inclined nearly edge-on to Earth can be observed passing in front of and behind their stars. This allows for the planetary atmospheres to be studied by Hubble's spectrometers. Hubble's unique capabilities allow astronomers to do follow-up observations of exoplanets to characterize the composition and structure of their atmospheres. Courtesy NASA/ESA/G. Bacon (STScI)

Telescopes and the many different instruments that can be attached to them are made to look at the sky and ferret out the hidden mysteries, open our eyes to dim, distant objects, and reveal a million things we didn’t know were out there. Your backyard telescope can do this — as can the mightiest scopes on — or off — our planet.

The Hubble Space Telescope made its millionth science observation on July 4th, using a special instrument called a spectroscope to study the light from a planet a thousand light-years away. The planet is called HAT-P-7b, and HST was looking for signatures of water vapor in the planet’s atmosphere.

It does this by looking at the atmosphere of the planet as it passes in front of its star. The light from the star shines through the gaseous envelope around the planet, and the spectral fingerprints of “stuff” (like water vapor) that is in that atmosphere will show up in the data taken by the spectrometer.

Hubble is quite well-equipped to search out such signatures, and its successor — the James Webb Space Telescope — will be even better able to do such observations. This is the kind of science that HST was built to do — and it’s the kind of science that really grabs my imagination.  It’s really quite cool to think that a telescope orbiting our planet can peer across a thousand light-years of space and spy out the merest whiff of chemical signatures in the atmosphere of another planet.  THAT is what makes this milestone so very, very cool!

You know what else I find very cool?  Back when HST was in severe trouble because of its mirror problems, there were people who felt that we’d wasted our money, that the telescope was a bungle. One of them was Senator Barbara Mikulski of Maryland, now chair of the Senate Commerce, Justice, Science and Related Agencies Appropriations Subcommittee.  She even went so far as to call Hubble a “techno-turkey” and I remember to this day seeing the anger on her face as she did it.  I even quoted her in my book about Hubble (Hubble Vision).

Yet, to her credit, she did step up and champion the cause of repairing the telescope. So, I think it’s cool that we have at least one politician who recognizes the value of science and, as she always points out, the value of inspiring children to become stargazers, scientists, astronauts, and engineering professionals.  I’m glad to see that she is celebrating the millionth observation too — we need many, many more to come.

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By the way, I want to thank the folks at TeachStreet for featuring this blog as one of the Featured Astronomy Blogs. I’ve rambled through their website and they have links to a number really fine writers.