Category Archives: astronomy

astronomy, Moon, moon missions

Living in the Moon

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Back from a refreshing long weekend and some more thoughts about future lunar bases and colonies. As a science-fiction reader of long standing, of course, I’ve enjoyed fictional accounts of what it would be like to live and work on the Moon. Writers in the Golden Age of science fiction (Heinlein, Asimov, Clarke, and others) never imagined that we wouldn’t consider going to the Moon as a next major step. It seems natural — why NOT go to the next nearest body in space and learn to exist there? It’s not much stranger (although likely as difficult and definitely more spendy) than doing a space station. We’ve had a few of those since the start of the Space Age.

I know there’s something of a debate going on in “official” circles about whether we should go to the Moon next. Or, should we build a lunar gateway? And, of course, there’s the argument that we just head straight to Mars. In my opinion, the first two make more sense. As a Mars fan from early childhood, the Red Planet beckons to me, too. But, as I’ve mentioned in other entries here, we need a training ground for Mars. The Moon and near-Earth space are good, relatively “safe” places for that. I say “safe” because they’re still close enough to mount rescue missions to the trainees if something goes wrong. Trying to “rescue” folks on Mars (or halfway there), is a whole other problem.

A 1.5-ton building block 3D printed using simulated lunar dust. Made at ESA, it’s part of research into using in situ materials on the Moon for habitats. Courtesy ESA–G. Porter, CC BY-SA 3.0 IGO

Why Live and Work on the Moon?

Lunar colonies present a very good chance to accomplish a number of scientific and sociological aims:

  • learn to live and work in very low gravity environment;
  • devise ways to use lunar materials as resources for the outposts;
  • find out more about the Moon from in situ long-term studies, which (in turn) helps us understand more about Earth;
  • plant humanity’s flag on another world. This would be a perfect salute and follow-up to the men who landed there in the late 60s and early 70s and planted their country’s flag there while declaring that they came in peace for ALL people on Earth;
  • build a stepping stone to other places in the solar system, using lunar resources;
  • providing commercial expansion possibilities for space sector businesses around the world;
  • use the Moon as a scientific outpost, particularly for astronomy and astrophysics.

Those are a few of the many reasons I’ve read about for a return to the Moon. Of course, the sociological issues include political considerations. Those mainly boil down to showing off a country’s technical and financial prowess in getting to space and the Moon. Politicians may not say it that way, but flag-waving is a huge consideration and not one to be taken lightly. Just look at what flag-waving gets used to “sell” in the U.S., and other countries. It’s part of humanity’s makeup to “tribalize” and be proud of our “clan’s” achievements. That’s fine, but as we’ve seen with the ISS, such flag-waving usually takes a second seat to mutual accomplishment and cooperation. And, of course, safety. However, no frontier is completely safe. If we wait until things are safe, we’ll never go anywhere.

The Moon: Not Much Atmosphere

Of course, there are cons to living and working on the Moon. The physical ones are all pretty self-evident. The biggest issues revolve around that word: safety. How safe is it to take up residence on the Moon? In a few words: not very. The environment is far more extreme than any we have here on Earth. There’s no air to breathe, so we have to bring our own (and eventually figure out how to synthesize it from local materials). There’s also no flowing water. BUT, there IS water ice at the lunar poles. And hydrated minerals in the rocks. So, theoretically (since this hasn’t been tried yet ON the Moon), people living there could get their water from lunar sources. There’s the potential for a LOT of water.

A very good article in Air & Space Magazine from 2018 describes the possible amounts of water at the lunar poles. It also describes in detail how scientists know about the water). In essence, there could be up to 200 billion metric tons (estimated) just at the poles. The problem with that number is that it’s a good estimate. We really don’t KNOW yet how much there is. That argues for further study, including some human exploration to do some good old hands-on “geology” on the Moon. But, if all this water is there, that’s a good news scenario for future missions. The bad news is: they have to get there and figure out a way to harvest it. That’s not even really bad news, but it is a technological challenge.

Radiation and Impact Hazards, Shields Up!

The Moon is a radiation and impact hazard zone. There’s no way around that. Not much of a magnetic field to fend off incoming solar radiation. There’s very little to no air to vaporize incoming impactors. Plus, the lunar surface tells a tale of continuous bombardment from meteors and fragments of asteroids since its formation some 4.3 billion years ago. It’s tough to maintain fragile human life there without some kind of shielding.

The best studies I’ve seen suggest that the human inhabitants of the Moon will live underground most of the time. Their homes will be shielded with several meters of regolith and rock to prevent radiation damage to their cells. Of course, when they go out to work on the surface, they’ll wear shielded suits. Even then, I suspect their time working “outside” will be limited to a few hours a day. That will slow down the creation of lunar bases quite a bit.

People have lived and worked on the Moon for short periods; the Apollo astronauts so far are the first and only ones to do so. They have been exposed to radiation while going through Earth’s Van Allen Belts, as well as during their time on the Moon. While not severe, their exposure has exposed astronauts to higher amounts of heart disease. (See this article in Nature from 2016 for more details). Future lunar inhabitants could face much more significant risk both on the way TO the Moon and while living there. So, if we’re going to live and work on the Moon, we have to take health risks into account and design accordingly. Again, this is easily said but presents a technological challenge.

We didn’t evolve to live and work on the Moon in its low gravity environment and heavy bombardment from radiation. Can we figure out a way to do so? I’m sure we can. We can adapt our methods, if not our bodies.

What’s it Worth?

In the final analysis, we have to look at what we gain from living and working on the Moon. What it will cost us financially, politically, and personally? It’s never going to be as easy as the SF stories used to paint it. Nor is simply a matter of sending people as Elon or other visionaries like to make it sound. It’s going to take a LOT of work, a lot of money, and a lot of personal ambition to accomplish lunar bases. And, when we get there? We start to build for the next expedition, out to Mars or an asteroid.

What we learn by doing it at the Moon will almost certainly make those next trips less complex to accomplish. That’s because we can learn valuable lessons from the building of Lunaropolis or whatever we’re going to call our moon outposts. Billions of dollars/Euros/RMB, etc will get spent to get to the Moon and beyond. Whatever we do, we’d better spend that time and our talents wisely.

astronomy, Lunar exploration

Living and Working on the Moon

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Last time I talked about the idea of going back to the Moon, or out to Mars, as goals for the world’s space programs. It’s not going to be easy. Going to space isn’t a quick jaunt.

Take the idea of populating the Moon with bases. It’s one thing to send autonomous spacecraft there, as China and others have done. They are operated remotely or robotically and aren’t “hardened” for human habitation. And, if they eventually “wind down” and stop working, they have at least served their original purpose and no living beings are harmed.

Living on the Moon

This scale model of a lunar base shows the idea of burying habitats underground for safety. Created by Isai Symens, shared via Wikimedia, CC-BY-SA 4.0.

Making habitable spots for human researchers on the Moon is a different story from the robotic probes we’ve sent already. I’m sure most everybody can think of the most obvious challenges. There’s the very low gravity, the extremes of temperatures, and the lack of atmosphere. Unlike Earth, there’s a dearth of flowing water, and so on. When you look at it from the idea of how “alien” the environment is, people ask, “Well, then, why go there?” And, it’s a valid question. Why risk people’s lives for a beautiful desolation, as Buzz Aldrin once called the lunar surface?

The Moon has a lot of clues about conditions in the early solar system. It also has resources. And, it offers a relatively pristine place to do astronomy and other sciences that could benefit from its extreme conditions. For example, the side that we never see — the Far Side — is a lunar wilderness that is free of radio frequency interference all the time and light pollution for 14 nights at a time. That makes it a good place to put an astronomy “reserve”, particularly for radio astronomy and high-energy (cosmic-ray, neutrino) detectors.

How It Gets Done, If It Does

Of course, those places cannot get built using robotics. Eventually, people will have to go to the Moon to live and work for weeks or months at a time. One of the biggest jobs will be to construct those observing posts. That will require solutions to the problems inherent in building new things in radically different places than they’re used to for work. And, they’ll be finding ways to live there while they do it. So, before the first telescope goes up, there will need to be living quarters for the workers, which will eventually be used for living spaces for the scientists and technical staffs who follow up.

Those quarters will need electricity, shielding, water, and other life support systems. Most likely, they’d be underground to shield from the intense radiation that blasts the lunar surface. Not to mention meteor strikes and other impacts. There will have to be ways to get at the lunar water deposits, which DO exist, but not in standard places like they do here on Earth. Water “reclamation” projects could be the most complex jobs to be done before anything else is planned and begun.

Will It Happen?

That’s just one scenario. But, science “colonies” like this have long been on the drawing boards at space agencies, and of course, in science fiction and in advanced planning groups. Whether the Moon gets used solely (or primarily) for a science reserve is really subject to financial and political considerations. It’s also very possible that, even though there is a lunar treaty in place (although the U.S. and other countries with space agencies have NOT ratified it), it wouldn’t stop one state or another from simply establishing a beachhead on the Moon. They could claim it (or parts of it) for economic or political purposes. I think the “blue sky” hope is that we’ll all cooperate to put humans on the Moon for peaceful purposes. But, that’s a dream, not a reality.

What Works?

I am a fan of the “use the Moon as a launching base for other ships to other places” approach. As I mentioned in my last piece, it makes sense to mine the raw materials for shipbuilding, etc. on the Moon. Then, do the building in space. Just as you don’t build a boat away from water, you don’t construct spacecraft in a gravity well and then hoist them out to space at great expense. But, that’s just me. And, I know that it’s not an easy thing to actually DO the mining and the building. A lot of other things have to happen before those activities can get underway.

It will happen, of course. Who does it, who pays for it, how it gets done — that’s all up in the air, literally. It is going to take international cooperation unless one country is so sure that it can afford the massive costs such undertakings will require. If that’s the case, then the picture I’ve just discussed in broad terms could look very different. It will be interesting to see how it all plays out over the next decade. In my next discussion, I’ll focus on the good and bad aspects to a lunar base.