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Gorgeous Saturn

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The True Colors of Saturn and its Moons

Titan appears with Saturn behind it in this natural color view from NASA's Cassini spacecraft. NASA/JPL-Caltech/SSI.

Is there anything more lovely in the solar system than the planet Saturn? Sure, there’s Mars and the great images we’re seeing from the Curiosity rover. And, of course, Earth sports some gorgeous places. But, for sheer jaw-dropping beauty, you can’t beat a great image of Saturn and its moons. They just grab your attention.

The Cassini mission folks released a set of color “portraits” of Saturn and its largest moon Titan. They show the pair through all the seasons of Saturn’s year. And they are stunning.

A view of the night side of Titan, with sunlight scattering through the top of the atmosphere. NASA/JPL-Caltech/SSI.

A wide-angle view shows Titan passing in front of Saturn, as well as the planet’s changing colors. Upon Cassini‘s arrival at Saturn eight years ago, Saturn’s northern winter hemisphere was an azure blue.

Now that winter is encroaching on the planet’s southern hemisphere and summer on the north, the color scheme is reversing. That lovely blue is now tinting the southern atmosphere.

Saturn's rings are front and center here, obscuring part of Titan. NASA/JPL-Caltech/SSI.

The other three images depict the newly discovered south polar vortex in the atmosphere of Titan.  It’s a mass of swirling gas hovering over the pole.

Cassini‘s visible-light cameras have seen a concentration of yellowish haze in the detached haze layer at the south pole of Titan since at least March 27. Cassini‘s visual and infrared mapping spectrometer spotted the massing of clouds around the south pole as early as May 22 in infrared wavelengths. After a June 27 flyby of the moon, Cassini released a dramatic image and movie showing the vortex rotating faster than the moon’s rotation period. The four images being released today were acquired in May, June and July of 2012.

See that vortex at the south pole of Titan? It just recently formed -- and planetary scientists are studying it to understand Titan's atmospheric dynamics. NASA/JPL-Caltech/SSI.

Some of these views, such as those of the polar vortex, are only possible because Cassini’s newly inclined — or tilted — orbital path now allows more direct viewing of the polar regions of Saturn and its moons.

Over the years, Cassini has explored Enceladus and its hissing geysers, its Huygens lander probed Titan, is cameras have shown us high-resolution scans of the rings, and revealed more about the surfaces of many of Saturn’s moons.  This system continues to surprise us with each new set of images and data that Cassini sends back.

I don’t know about you, but when it comes to return on investment, I’d have to say that we’re totally getting our money’s worth out of the Cassini mission. I suspect (but I haven’t calculated it directly) that this mission has probably cost the average taxpayer a few pennies.  And, for that, we’re getting some fantastic looks at the outer solar system.

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Back from a Week Away

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Exploring an Ice World

An unprocessed image of the moon Helene, orbiting Saturn. Taken by the Cassini spacecraft, June 18, 2011. Courtesy NASA/Cassini Solstice Mission.

I took a week off from writing (everybody  needs a short vacation, right?) and am now back in front of the screen, going through the latest astro-news.

What caught my eye first thing today was the ongoing Cassini Solstice mission. It’s the little spacecraft that just keeps going and going. While her older sisters Voyager and Pioneer are out exploring the outer limits of our solar system, and her little sister New Horizons is headed to Pluto, Cassini keeps sending back images and data about the Saturnian system. The latest views are of a little moon called Helene.

It’s an icy world, which is why I tuned into the story.  Today, June 20, we woke up to snow (which has since turned to rain).  Seems rather incongruous the day before summer solstice (for the northern hemisphere). But, the snow outside reminded me of the snow “out there” – orbiting Saturn like a lopsided iceberg.

It doesn’t take a very close inspection of the image to see the mottled, serrated-looking surface of this little world and to figure out that it looks just plain cold. As to be expected, since temperatures of ice worlds are far, far colder than the conditions we experience here on Earth. Helene is really an irregularly shaped chunk of ice that orbits Saturn in the same orbital path as another moon, Dione. It appears to have been beat up by collisions with other debris in Saturn’s orbit.

Spotting Another Ice Chunk in Space

Animation showing the comet moving against the background of stars. Images taken at the Pan-STARRS 1 Telescope on the night of June 5-6, 2011. Hawaii time is 10 hours earlier than Universal Time (UT). Credit: Henry Hsieh, PS1SC

The distant solar system contains many icy bodies, including these chunky worlds orbiting the gas and ice giant planets. But, there are icy chunks out there that aren’t gravitationally bound to any planets — and astronomers using the Pan-STARRS telescope on Haleakala in Hawai’i spotted one of them just outside the orbit of Jupiter. It’s a comet, called C/2001 L4 (PANSTARRS).  A preliminary orbit computed by the Minor Planet Center in Cambridge, Mass., shows that the comet will come within about 30 million miles (50 million km) of the sun in early 2013, about the same distance as Mercury. The comet will pose no danger to Earth.

The good news about this find is that as it gets closer to the Sun, astronomers have excellent chances to study this comet and figure out just how bright it will appear to be in our skies. If conditions are right, once the comet gets close enough to Earth (say, within the orbit of Mars), it should start to sprout a plasma tail. That’s the tail of ionized gases that streams out from a comet when it gets close enough to the Sun for solar radiation to heat up the gases (and cause them to glow).

It’s tough to know right now just what the composition of the comet is — certainly it’s made of ice. But, how much dust is embedded in that ice?  What kind of ice is it?  Astronomers should be able to tell as they study the comet’s tail with spectrographs (instruments that break up the light from an object into its component wavelengths — and each gas gives off a specific “fingerprint” in the spectrum).

Astronomers think that this comet could be on its first trip around the Sun.  It mostly like comes from the Oort Cloud, that collection of icy objects left over from the formation of the Sun and planets, some 4.5 billion years ago. This cloud lies at the very fringes of the solar system and is a treasure trove of objects that can tell us what conditions were like ‘way back when.

Keep an eye out for this comet in a couple of years. It probably won’t be easy to spot, but if you do see it, you’ll be seeing an object that harks back to a time when our Sun was still forming and the planets were still a work in progress.